Written by Angie Kordic and Elena Martinique. The origins of art history can be traced back to the Prehistoric era, before written records were kept. Minimalismus als Lebensstil stellt eine Art Gegenbewegung zu Konsumwahn und Materialismus dar. His visual vocabulary consisted of lines, basic colors, and simplified shapes applied to his own formulae resembling mathematical equations. Light and Space is an art movement founded in the 1960s that was connected to several different contemporary movements including minimalism, op-art, and geometric abstraction. Minimalism and early abstraction. Over time, he moved from a monochrome palette to include a wide range of colors. Rejecting classical ideals of representational sculpture, his pieces assumed a direct material and physical presence. Today, many Minimal designers work in the field of consumer products; Dieter Rams, the designer to Braun, created many record players, radios, calculators and consumer appliances in line with the Minimalist concepts. The US minimalist movement represents an increasingly popular critical reflection on the ills of consumerism and an effort to forge new ways of living amidst consumer capitalism. The minimalist artists employed prefabricated industrial materials, as well as extremely simple, often repeated geometric forms and pure qualities of color, form and space in order to allow the viewer an immediate, visual response. In 1962 the first English-language book about the Russian avant-garde, Camilla Gray’s The Great Experiment in Art: 1863-1922, was published. While accepting that the use of industrial materials and constructive principles provided the technical paradigm for advanced sculpture, Donald Judd and Robert Morris took their lead from…, …then declined in imitative, all-too-reductionist. It is characterized by an emphasis on process and conception over the finished object, the demystification of the artistic process through the employment of chance methods, and the use of nontraditional, ‘poor’ materials, such as latex and felt. Reasonator; PetScan; Scholia; Statistics; OpenStreetMap; Locator tool; Search depicted; Subcategories. In both music and the visual arts, Minimalism was an attempt to explore the essential elements of an art form. Favoring new materials such as steel and glass over concrete, he designed buildings that were functional, modern and visually pleasing. He continued making more complicated work following a natural progression of dynamism, tactility, and scale. His most famous piece is Die, a six-foot black steel cube inspired by the two muscles on the back of the neck and characterized by its cold, imposing nature. These early influences gave artists the opportunity to reassess the Surrealist-influenced world of Abstract Expressionism defined by intuitive and spontaneous gestures that had been dominant in American art for almost two decades, largely because of the critical support of writers such as Clement Greenberg and H… A turning point in the history of Modernism, Minimal art introduced a new way of producing, looking at and experiencing artworks in the manner of a proper avant-garde. In that period, … Quick view Read more. Rising to prominence in 1959 with a series of black striped paintings, Stella made a decisive departure from Abstract Expressionism. In his work that included painting, layered reliefs, flat sculptures and line drawings, he focused on the dynamics between shape, form, and color. He was guided by the mantra “less is more”, believing that the most important feature of a housing object is its functionality. For them, less truly is more, and this way of thinking fits perfectly with this large island nation in such little space to operate with. A major figure in American art for more than 40 years, Anne Truitt is best known for her large, vertical wooden sculptures that were covered in many coats of paint, but she also created paintings, drawings, and writings. Designer Michael Mott echoed the reductive approach of Minimalist art with a 1960s black-and-white mini-dress created for the boutique Paraphernalia. Minimalism employs no emotional content, yet it conveys a strong one with its viewer, which is why it managed to break down all barriers and to meet no limitations on its short but impactful journey through art and life. © 2013-2021 Widewalls | Minimal design and its practitioners aim to employ elementary geometric forms without ornament or decoration, focusing on a product’s aspects of being useful, rather than being pleasing to the eye - although such focus often brought pleasant aesthetics as well. He later referred to his pieces as “sculptures as place”, alluding to the fact that his pieces are produced by placing objects on the floor. A preeminent member of Minimalism, the most significant contribution of Carl Andre was to distance sculpture from processes of carving, modeling or constructing. In Minimalist music, the traditional treatment of form and development was rejected in favour of explorations of timbre and rhythm—musical elements largely unfamiliar to Western listeners. Its influences are also incorporated in Land art, through the work of Michael Heizer, Richard Long and Walter de Maria, the famous examples of Feminist art… Today, we still have many contemporary artists associated with Minimalism and the durability of its ideology can perhaps be attributed to the fact that achieving such aesthetics is difficult, yet quite rewarding, both for the audience and the artist. Featured images in slider: Objects and Logotypes: Relationships Between Minimal Art and Corporate Design, Installation View at the National Design Center in Chicago, 1980; Robert Ryman - Twin, 1966; Tony Smith - Amaryllis, 1965, courtesy Matthew Marks Gallery; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - The Barcelona Pavilion, 1929; Robert Morris - Untitled (mirrored cubes), 1965/71; Ronald Bladen - The X, 1965; Dan Flavin - Untitled (in honor of Harold Joachim) 3, 1977; Robert Mangold - 1/3 Gray-Green Curved Area, 1966–67. In Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty (1970; Great Salt Lake, Utah), the artist’s manipulation of the . A sculptor, visual artist, architectural designer, and a theorist, he studied architecture with László Moholy-Nagy, Gyorgy Kepes and Alexander Archipenko and was an apprentice of Frank Lloyd Wright. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Exploring subtle variations of color and using the grid as and organizational element in canvases, she blended styles of Minimalism and Color Field. Describing Minimalist sculptures as dependent on the context of their perception, he believed that artwork cannot be self-sufficient in and of itself. While many cultures practice concepts of aesthetic simplicity, Minimalism After sanding the wood and priming it with several coats of gesso, she would apply several coats of acrylic paint to create a mesmerizing visual intensity. Apart from visual arts, architecture and design, its influence can be found in literature and music, in plays and novels of Samuel Beckett and the compositions of John Cage and Philip Glass. Her most important works were created in the early 1960s anticipating in many respects the work of minimalists like Donald Judd. He employed traditional materials such as wood, canvas, and paint, but placed a great emphasis on concepts and systems. However, turning away from such a successful art movement at the time seemed like a real challenge, since it enjoyed a lot of attention from the public and great critics such as Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg. art movement, architectural style: Authority control Q173436 GND ID: 4228187-8 BNCF Thesaurus ID: 44170. American Art. His works explored innovative instrumental timbres through a slowly paced succession of unrelated soft sounds. Best known for her evocative paintings marked out in subtle pencil lines and pale color washes, Agnes Martin imparted a legacy of abstraction that has inspired generations of artists. His sculptures were based on the concept of a continuous three-dimensional space lattice and a standard tetrahedral module. FAIA, are well-known minimalist … Reacting against the complex, intellectually sophisticated style of modern music, several composers began to compose in a simple, literal style, thereby creating an extremely simple and accessible music. After the 1960s when the movement had its peak, some of the artists radically changed their practice and moved in different personal directions. These traditional materials were meant to demonstrate their own vulnerability to decay, destruction, or obsolescence. Minimalism, chiefly American movement in the visual arts and music originating in New York City in the late 1960s and characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a literal, objective approach. Decluttering our lives and living and breathing stress-free simplicity. The Minimalism art movement is one of the most influential of the 1960s, emerging in New York City among a number of young artists who were moving away from Abstract Expressionism and favoured a sleek, geometric aesthetic instead, which would manifest itself in minimalist art. Their frequent grid-based compositions asked for the artist’s originality and the creation of a special relationship between the viewer and the artwork and in many cases this relationship aimed for physical direct contact in order to work[4]. The concept behind the movement was propounded by the critic, Clement Greenberg, who had a powerful influence over many of the artists and designers of his era. He often created repeating units with a studied, reduced and stark feel to invoke the pure essence of the artistic form. Between 1958 and 1960, Frank Stella created his seminal series of Black Paintings, for which he abandoned brushwork, depth and the regular canvas form altogether to make concentrically striped canvases stretched on a thicker wooden chassis that thrust them out from the wall aggressively. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What followed is the proclamation of Minimalism as a proper movement, with Donald Judd’s manifesto-like essay titled Specific Objects from 1964 and Robert Morris’ 1966 Notes on Sculpture 1-3”. 1960s minimalism Beginning of the movement Frank Stella Robert Morris Donald Judd Sol LeWitt Carl Andre Agnes Martin 4. By revealing the industrial materials used in construction, he helped define modern architecture. As a result, Minimalism and its objects blurred the line between two and three dimensions, painting and sculpture[3]. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism, Minimalism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The minimalist sculpture was all about the piece, and it had nothing to do with the artist. They used simple harmonic and melodic patterns in their highly repetitive music. To rebel is what art does best and as such, post-minimalism needs to be understood as a reaction against the Minimalism of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Like Pop Art, which emerged simultaneously, Minimalism presented ordinary subject matter in a literal way that lacked expressive features or metaphorical content; likewise, the use of commercial processes smacked of mass production and seemed to reject traditional expectations of skill and originality in art. A key figure of American Modernism, Frank Stella played a seminal role in the development of Minimalism, Post-Painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting. While working as an architect, he designed more than 20 private residencies. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. Minimalism was everything but conventional, and artists like Sol LeWitt, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Anthony Caro and Tony Smith all experimented with different aspects of physicality and space. They turned for inspiration to the impassive, quiet works of Barnett Newman and Ad Reinhardt, exponents of the colour-field branch of Abstract Expressionist painting. Not carving into the substances, nor modeling forms, his works simply involved sorting and placing of raw materials such as bricks, blocks, ingots, or plates. As one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe followed a philosophy of open space and clean surfaces. La Monte Young, for example, composed a number of electronic “continuous frequency environments,” in which he generated a few pitches and then electronically sustained them, sometimes for days or weeks. It differs from other types of geometric abstraction in that it rejects both lyrical and mathematical composition because, even in this simplified field, they are a means of personal expression for the artist. Although radical, and rejecting many of the concerns of the immediately preceding abstract expressionist movement, earlier abstract movements were an important influence on the ideas and techniques of minimalism. One of the most famous examples is that of the Paleolithic cave pai… Guided by the search for an essence and substance of things, Minimalism attracted a wide range of practitioners such as painters, sculptors, designers, and architects. But the popular movement of less-is-more, which dates back to the 1960s, has since seeped into various facets of our lives. Free of the artist’s personal touch, his sculptures were intended to emphasize the purity of the objects themselves rather than any symbolic meaning they might have. He focused on basic elements of the painting such as color, shape, and composition, following a principle of “line, plane, volume, and point, within space”. Some cite Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as being the first leader of minimalist design, and his basic, yet striking structures are constructed simply to maximize space and a feeling of openness. Focused on the artwork's interaction with the viewer, he believed that the simplicity of the shape doesn’t imply the simplicity of the experience. Perhaps even more than paintings, Minimalist sculptures had an important role in the movement, as it was largely about creating three-dimensional forms in space using industrial materials like fiberglass, plastic, plywood, sheet metal, or aluminum, and geometric shapes in bright colors. Modern & Contemporary Art Resource. The Minimalist philosophy, as we could see, glorifies a style in which it all comes down to its simplest, most necessary elements. His most famous pieces are The New National Gallery in Berlin, The Barcelona Pavillion, Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago and the Seagram Building in New York City. It lasted only a decade during the 1960s, but Minimalism still stands as one of the most significant and influential movements of the 20th century. Art movement Postminimalism is an art term coined (as post-minimalism) by Robert Pincus-Witten in 1971 used in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by, or attempts to develop and go beyond, the aesthetic of minimalism. In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Young added very little to this texture and virtually eliminated variation as a developmental technique. Not only can its roots be traced back to Marcel Duchamp’s ready-mades, its ideology can also be found in the revolutionary 1913 black square on a white ground by Kasimir Malevich, which turned our perception on painting upside down. The movement has been variously described as minimalist and ABC art (Strickland, 2000). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... For certain young American sculptors, however, work such as Caro’s seemed to embody limiting “European” aesthetic precepts. If we look at the old architecture and interior designs, we’ll find that they ooze with simple color, clean lines and forms, following the tendencies present in their culture at large. For that reason they attempted to rid their works of any extra-visual association. His paintings are characterized by irregular forms and bold and contrasting colors free of gestural brushstrokes. The term suggests that we are now using what we learned in the “modern” period, but mixing it with ideas from the more distant past. For instance, because these artworks were entirely self-referential, their presence was meant to be “felt” immediately, through their “hard edges”, or the abrupt transition between areas of solid, unvarying color from a restricted palette, as well as the repetitive patterns and geometric forms resulting in flatness and two-dimensional space. But what exactly did it mean and take to create Minimalist art and why were so many of those working in architecture and design so fascinated by its philosophy and aesthetics? As such, it was widely accepted in the fields of Minimal architecture and design, which were more than willing to explore, interpret and apply the dynamics of clean elements. The earliest artifacts come from the Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age, in the form of rock carvings, engravings, pictorial imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements. Yet, his practice exceeded Minimalist ethos, being at the forefront of some other movements such as Process Art and Land Art. Sol LeWitt redefined the art production, reducing it to its essentials. All images used for illustrative purposes only. This way, Stella gave life to an object swaying between painting, sculpture and even architectural ornament. Despite the intellectual thorniness of this art, Meyer avoids the turgidity that marks much of the writing associated with it. Minimal hard-edge painting is the anonymous construction of a simple object. Today, John Pawson and Tadao Ando, Hon. Minimalism did exist as a movement, although many artists used its principles without actively participating in its creation, and by the late 1960s, it all began showing signs of breaking apart in different directions. One other thing to consider is the fact that Japan is regularly beset by earthquakes, which makes it logical not to have valuable, hanging objects around the house. Und das kann glücklich … A style that evolved as a reaction to Minimalism during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Throughout her five-decades long career, she worked within an extremely limited set of variables. Let's take a look at some of the most prominent names involved with the movement. have served as the motto for Minimalism, an art movement that really began in the 1960s, although there were some earlier manifestations. Updates? Minimalism began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Minimal sculpture is composed of extremely simple, monumental geometric forms made of fibreglass, plastic, sheet metal, or aluminum, either left raw or solidly painted with bright industrial colours. He used geometric and modular creations that were characterized by plain design and the lack of content, questioning the very nature of art. Her pieces capture the innocence and simplicity of everyday life. For certain young American sculptors, however, work such as Caro’s seemed to embody limiting “European” aesthetic precepts. Art movement In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is a style that uses pared-down design elements. Minimalism emerged as a reaction to the abstract expressionist movement of the 1950s and early 1960s, deriving partly from the reductivism of Modernism and the geometric abstract movement. The expression is used specifically in relation to music and the visual arts, but can refer to any field using minimalism as a critical reference point. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia, she moved to New Mexico in 1967 to lead a life in solitude and silence. Part of Phaidon's Themes and Movements series, the book offers the first straightforward and useful summary of the output and outlook of the artists associated with the movement in its heyday, as well as its subsequent development into more nuanced visual forms and its relationship to postmodernism. Another one of the art movements from the 1960s, and typified by works composed of simple art, such as geometric shapes devoid of representational content. Razor-sharp and bulky, these paintings could easily be considered something else, although they were not exactly sculptures, which still had their own successful category. He advocated the use of simple forms in order for the sculptures to be grasped intuitively by the viewer. Art from this period relied on the use of natural pigmentsand stone carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals that governed a civilization’s existence. Like Young, Morton Feldman tried to eliminate variation. We provide art lovers and art collectors with one of the best places on the planet to discover modern and contemporary art. Believing that the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work, he perceived creation as an intellectual and pragmatic act. Minimal sculpture and hard-edge painting were culminations of reductionist tendencies – styles which allowed artists to distance themselves from abstract expressionism. Minimal architecture, therefore, typically uses basic geometric shapes, harmonious colors, natural textures, open-plan spatial arrangements, neat and straight components, clean finishes, flat or nearly flat roofs, large windows and satisfying negative spaces. He once stated: “In my work, I don’t want you to look at the surface; I want you to look at the form, the relationships”. Another example of Minimalism in design would be the Swedish furniture company Ikea, which promotes a sort of purity through the fact anyone can assemble their pieces with ease. Use of the hard edge, the simple form, and the linear rather than painterly approach was intended to emphasize two-dimensionality and to allow the viewer an immediate, purely visual response. Her graceful sculptures were made from standing blocks of wood five to seven feet high. As one of the first artists who created irregularly shaped canvases, Ellsworth Kelly has been a widely influential force in the post-war art world. Minimalism began as an art movement after World War II and rose to prominence as a design aesthetic in the 1960s and 1970s. Like the painters, Minimalist sculptors attempted to make their works totally objective, unexpressive, and non-referential. This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Denn wer wenig besitzt, muss sich auch um weniger kümmern, hat dafür aber mehr Platz, Zeit und Geld. As such, a Minimalist artwork did not refer to anything other than itself, which is exactly what these artists wanted to portray in the first place. The Japanese Minimalism embraced this way of life and the people did the same in return, although today there are examples of extreme dedication to the aesthetic which goes beyond the already scarce principles of keeping only what’s necessary. These materials would be stacked on top of each other without fixatives to hold them in place. Postminimalism also sought to move art out of the gallery and into the natural and built environment, thereby freeing the artwork from its status as a commodity and expanding the domain of what is conventionally considered appropriate material for a work of art. Also known as ABC art, literal art, reductivism, systematic painting and art of the real, Minimalism was present in almost every sphere of our lives. His work was often presented in a serialized manner, referring to the standardization of forms or systems. Minimalism has long been associated with art. The 141 pages of color and black-and-white photographs (including rare glimpses of early work by some artists) and a generous assembly of texts by such key commentators as Michael Fried, Barbara Rose, Rosalind Krauss, and the artists themselves. Minimal art, also called ABC art, is the culmination of reductionist tendencies in modern art that first surfaced in the 1913 composition by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich of a black square on a white ground. Corrections? In this highly readable history of minimalist art James Meyer argues that "minimalism" was not a coherent movement but a field of overlapping and sometimes opposed practices. She was guided by the conviction that art has the emotive and expressive power. Minimal design and architecture, like visual art, roots in the works of De Stijl, its rectangular forms and primary colors, as well as the designs by the pioneer of modern architecture, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German architect who laid the ground work for “large-scale” Minimalism after the Second World War. Apart from visual arts, architecture and design, its influence can be found in literature and music, in plays and novels of Samuel Beckett and the compositions of John Cage and Philip Glass. Helping establish Conceptual Art and Minimalism of the postwar era, Sol LeWitt created wall drawings, structures, painting and conceptual pieces. Finally, there’s the traditional Japanese design, infused with culture and Zen. Also known as ABC art, literal art, reductivism, systematic painting and art of the real, Minimalism was present in almost every sphere of our lives. Minimalism began as an art movement in 1960s New York, focusing on extreme aesthetic austerity. Hard-edge painting is characterized by large, simplified, usually geometric forms on an overall flat surface; precise, razor-sharp contours; and broad areas of bright, unmodulated colour that have been stained into unprimed canvas. Earlier European abstract movements greatly influenced American minimalist art creators. It was all sealed with the 1966 Primary Structures group exhibition held at the Jewish Museum in New York and Sol LeWitt’s Paragraphs on Conceptual Art written in 1967. Minimalism reached its peak during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, but many of its practitioners are still alive and well today. Minimalism. Their geometric abstraction did not describe anything, neither the external world nor the narrative of a story; the neutral monochromatic palette of primary colors was only there to delineate space, rather than express a feeling; the raw, mass-produced traditional materials did not symbolize or represent anything else but their own selves. 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